PLANT PROPAGATION

From: Subject: PLANT PROPAGATION Date: Mon, 21 May 2007 10:28:57 +1000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C79B92.D6A77E20" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C79B92.D6A77E20 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://hcs.osu.edu/mg/manual/prop2.htm PLANT PROPAGATION

3D"Master
PLANT=20 = PROPAGATION

KEY CONCEPTS

I. Sexual Propagation of = Plants

II. Asexual Propagation of=20 Plants

Cuttings=20

Stem cuttings=20
Leaf cuttings=20
Root cuttings=20
Softwood and hardwood cuttings =

Layering=20
Divisions=20
Bulbs and corms=20
Tubers and rhizomes=20
Grafting=20
Budding or bud grafting=20
Micropropagation or tissue culture =

III. Plant Patents
=20
Return to = Introduction

ASEXUAL = PROPAGATION OF=20 PLANTS

Asexual propagation does not involve = exchange of=20 genetic material, so it almost always produces plants that are = identical=20 to a single parent. Delicious apple and Bartlett pear are two = examples of=20 species that have been asexually propagated for decades. Asexual=20 propagation methods include cuttings, layering, division, = grafting,=20 budding and tissue culture.

CUTTINGS

Cuttings involve removing a piece from = the parent=20 plant and that piece then regrows the lost parts or tissues. Both = woody=20 and herbaceous plants are asexually propagated by cuttings of = stems,=20 leaves and roots. New plants can be grown from parts of plants = because=20 each living plant cell contains the ability to duplicate all plant = parts=20 and functions. Mature cells can change into MERISTEMATIC=20 (mare-ah-ste-MAT-ick) cells that are found at rapid growth sites = like=20 buds.

There are many types of cuttings. = Often, a plant=20 can be propagated by more than one method of cutting. Some plants = will=20 reproduce readily from cuttings and others take a considerable = amount of=20 time and care.

STOCK PLANTS are the parent plants used = in=20 asexual propagation. Stock plants must be in excellent health and = should=20 possess characteristics desirable for production of new plants. = Herbaceous=20 cuttings are those taken from nonwoody plants, such as perennials = and=20 houseplants.

Softwood cuttings are pieces of new = growth taken=20 from woody stock plants. These cuttings must be taken before the = new=20 growth starts to harden. Hardwood cuttings are taken from tissue = which has=20 become woody. Other forms of cuttings are leaf cuttings and root=20 cuttings.

The gardener must try to duplicate the = conditions=20 needed for a plant to root from a cutting. High humidity, indirect = light=20 and soil temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees F are best for most = cuttings.=20 These conditions may be created by keeping cuttings enclosed under = glass=20 or in plastic bags in dappled shade. Cuttings must be shielded = from direct=20 sunlight, especially if they are under glass or = plastic.

STEM=20 CUTTINGS

When a cutting is made, injured xylem = and phloem=20 cells plug the tubes so that precious fluids are not lost. Usually = a=20 CALLUS forms at the cut. Cells near the callus area reorganize to = form=20 adventitious roots.

Stem cuttings are the most commonly = used method=20 to produce houseplants. Select vigorous, new growth with no flower = buds.=20 Stem sections should be free of diseases and insects. Each cutting = should=20 be 2 to 4 inches long and have 2 or 3 leaves attached.

Make a cut 1/4 inch below a leaf node = and pull=20 off the leaves that are at the nodes that will be below the = surface of the=20 rooting medium. ROOTING HORMONE helps to stimulate rooting, but is = optional. Pour a small amount of the rooting hormone into a clean=20 container to prevent contamination of all of your rooting hormone. = Dip the=20 base of the stem, including the node area, into the rooting = powder. The=20 stem should be dry when dipped.

Commercial rooting products often = include a=20 fungicide. This is a good idea given the damp conditions required = for=20 rooting success. Tap off excess powder, since too much hormone can = inhibit=20 rooting.

Poke a hole in the medium before = inserting the=20 cutting to avoid loss of the rooting hormone. Insert treated = cutting in a=20 moist rooting medium. A suitable rooting medium is half perlite = and half=20 sphagnum peat moss. Any disinfested container with drainage is = acceptable=20 for use.

Cover container and cutting with a = plastic bag=20 tent to maintain high humidity. Place unit in a warm area with = indirect=20 light. Check the rooting medium every few days to make sure it = remains=20 moist. Rooting can take from a few days up to several = months.

After a few weeks, test for rooting by = gently=20 tugging at the cutting. If there is resistance, rooting has = started and=20 the plastic cover may be removed. More detailed instructions on = stem=20 cuttings are provided in Fact Sheet 1226, Reference = Prop.1.

LEAF=20 CUTTINGS

In this method, a leaf blade or leaf = with petiole=20 is used to propagate new plants. The same steps are followed as = for stem=20 cuttings. Choose a healthy leaf from a vigorously growing plant. = Cut it=20 close to the stem with a sharp, disinfested razor or knife. Trim = off 1/4=20 of the leaf and dip into rooting hormone, if desired. Insert the = leaf into=20 rooting medium so that 1/3 of the leaf is below the = surface.

One or many new small plants form at = the base of=20 the leaf. African violet leaves will produce many new plants. = Begonia=20 leaves can be divided into segments for propagation; however each = leaf=20 piece must contain a major vein. With leaf cuttings, the original = leaf is=20 not a part of the new plant and is usually discarded.

Many succulent plants, such as sedum, = jade, and=20 peperomia, can be propagated by leaf cutting. Some plants such as=20 Kalanchoe pinnata or K. bryophyllum, piggy-back or = air=20 plants, form their own new plantlets in this fashion. See Fact = Sheet 571=20 on leaf cuttings, Reference Prop.2.

ROOT=20 CUTTINGS

Cultivation of root cuttings probably = started=20 after gardeners observed new plants growing from pieces of root=20 accidentally left behind in the soil. Take cuttings from newer = root=20 growth. Make cuttings 1 to 4 inches long from roots that are 1/4 = to 1/2=20 inch in diameter. Be sure that the roots collected are from the = chosen=20 plant and not neighboring plants.

Cuttings should be taken during the = dormant=20 season when roots have large carbohydrate supplies. However, they = also may=20 be taken throughout the growing season. Cut straight through the = end of=20 the root closest to the stem. Cut the other end on a slant. This = allows=20 you to remember which end is the top (the straight cut) and which = is the=20 bottom (the diagonal cut).

Store cuttings from dormant roots for 3 = weeks in=20 moist rooting medium at 40 degrees F. Remove from storage and = plant=20 upright in the growing medium. Keep moist and warm, in a bright = location=20 until growth and weather permit acclimatizing to the = outdoors.

If root cuttings are taken during = active growth,=20 skip the storage period and place cuttings directly in the rooting = medium.=20 For smaller plants, take 1- to 2-inch sections. Place cuttings=20 horizontally a half inch below the surface of the rooting medium. = These=20 cuttings should be handled indoors or in a HOTBED. The fine roots = of many=20 perennials are used for propagation. Root cuttings of some = variegated=20 plants will lose their variegation.

SOFTWOOD=20 AND HARDWOOD CUTTINGS

Softwood cuttings are taken from = first-year=20 branches that have not yet become woody. Flowering shrubs are = often=20 propagated by softwood cuttings. Late spring and early summer are = the best=20 times for success with this method. Take cuttings after it rains = or water=20 is applied in the cool morning. Make a diagonal cut. The larger = diagonal=20 cut gives more area to develop roots. Keep cuttings in water = before moving=20 them into rooting medium.

Make cuttings 2 to 10 inches long. = Larger=20 cuttings produce larger plants sooner. Make cuts slightly below a = leaf=20 node. Follow the same instructions for disinfested containers, = rooting=20 medium and light and moisture conditions used by other cutting = methods.=20 Rooting hormones may be used with this method. The base of the = cutting=20 should be dry before dipping it into rooting hormone = powder.

Hardwood cuttings are taken once the = tissue=20 becomes woody and the plant is dormant. Cuttings can be taken = anytime from=20 late fall after a killing frost until late winter. Select healthy = wood=20 that was produced the previous summer. Several cuttings can be = made from=20 the same branch of some shrubs.

Make cuts at a slant, 5 to 12 inches = long. Basal=20 cuts should be just below a node, while the upper cut should be = slightly=20 above a bud. Dip the basal end in rooting hormone. Mark the most = terminal=20 end of each cutting with a tag.

Bury cuttings vertically in moist = vermiculite or=20 sand. Cuttings should not freeze, but must remain cool. A callus = will form=20 on the lower cut end during storage. Callus formation indicates = that=20 cuttings are ready to root.

In spring, remove the cuttings from = storage.=20 Plant in a hotbed or other protected site with morning sun = exposure or=20 filtered light. Leave 1 to 2 inches of cutting above ground. Keep = cuttings=20 moist until a root system forms. Transplant the cuttings the = following=20 spring while they are still dormant.

LAYERING

Layering causes roots to develop on = shoots that=20 are still attached to the parent plant. The stem is not cut from = the main=20 plant until it has rooted. Use this method when other propagation = methods=20 are unsuccessful. Layering is a good propagation choice when only = a few=20 plants are needed.

Simple layering is done by bending a = branch to=20 the ground and burying a portion of it. The tip remains uncovered. = A light=20 soil increases rooting success, as will wounding or girdling the = buried=20 section. Treatment with rooting hormone is helpful.

Hold the branch in place with a rock or = peg.=20 Layering is done in early spring while plants are still dormant or = in late=20 summer on wood that has not become woody. Plants with flexible = branches=20 are particularly suited to this method.

Other types of layering include = serpentine or=20 compound layering, continuous or trench layering, and mound or = stool=20 layering.

Fact sheet 1091, Reference Prop.3, is = on air=20 layering.

DIVISIONS

Division is the cutting or breaking up = of a crown=20 or clump of suckers into segments. Each segment must have a bud = and some=20 roots. These segments are replanted and grow into new plants = identical to=20 the parent. Most perennials should be lifted and divided when they = become=20 overgrown and begin to lose vigor. Vigorous growth in most = perennials=20 occurs on the outer segments of the clump. Old growth in the = center of the=20 clump is discarded.

Carefully dig the plant, loosening the = roots and=20 lifting the plant from the soil. Split apart the main clump with = two=20 spades or forks or chop with a shovel or hatchet if the clump is = firmly=20 massed. In some cases outside segments of the plant can be removed = and=20 replanted without disturbing the rest of the plant.

A good rule of thumb is to divide = fall-flowering=20 perennials in spring and spring- and summer-flowering perennials = in=20 fall.

Some shrubs that form clumps or crowns = are=20 suitable for division. Divide in early spring while dormant. = Shrubs used=20 for division should have several clumps that are two years old or=20 older.

BULBS = AND=20 CORMS

Bulbs can be propagated by removing = small=20 bulblets or offsets that form at the base of the parent bulb. = These small=20 bulbs take 2 or 3 years to mature into plants that flower. Place = offsets=20 in rich, light soil for their development. This same procedure = should be=20 followed for plants which form from corms, such as = gladiolus.

Many lilies can be multiplied by = removing scales=20 from the mature bulb. Dust the scale with a fungicide and place, = base end=20 down, in a moist growing medium in a warm, protected area. = Bulblets will=20 form at the base of the scale. In 1 to 4 years these bulblets will = grow=20 and be ready to flower.

TUBERS AND=20 RHIZOMES

Tuberous plants can be dug up and the = TUBERS=20 separated. In separating the tubers, each must have a segment of = the crown=20 that contains at least one eye or bud.

Rhizomes grow and develop buds along = their=20 length. The rhizomes can be dug and cut into sections that each = contain at=20 least one eye or bud.

GRAFTING

Grafting involves the joining of = different=20 segments of two different plants of the same species. A branch or = bud is=20 joined to an UNDERSTOCK. In grafting, the cambium layers of the = two=20 different segments are aligned and grow together. Some plants = graft=20 naturally. Ivy commonly grafts itself. Natural grafting occurs = where two=20 branches are in close contact over several years.

Grafting allows gardeners to produce = plants=20 identical to a parent plant. It also allows growers to control = size and=20 shape of a tree or shrub. Apples are grafted onto root stock that=20 regulates the ultimate size of the tree.

Grafting can produce more vigorous, = earlier=20 fruiting, or two varieties can be grown on the same tree to = provide=20 pollination as with apples.

On the negative side, some grafting = attempts will=20 be rejected. This is called graft incompatibility. This might not = occur in=20 the first year, but may in successive years. Wind or winter cold = can=20 damage a GRAFT UNION. Some grafted trees or plants produce large = numbers=20 of SUCKERS. These can crowd out the desired plant or tree and are=20 unsightly. If the graft union is planted below the soil surface, = the SCION=20 will root and the rootstock will die.

Grafting is usually done in the spring. = It=20 involves collecting small branches called scion wood. These = branches are=20 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter. Gather them several weeks before = grafting is=20 to occur. Collect wood that grew the preceding year. Select only = wood with=20 leaf buds, not flower buds.

Scion wood should be gathered in winter = when wood=20 is dormant, but not frozen. Use sharp clippers so that wood is not = crushed. New growth over 1 foot in length is usually = best.

Discard the wood at both ends of the = branch and=20 use the middle section. End growth is too succulent for grafting = and wood=20 closer to the base will graft more slowly. Label the scion wood, = wrap it=20 in moist paper towels or sphagnum peat, enclose it in an airtight, = plastic=20 container and place it in the refrigerator.

Scion wood must be joined to the = understock in=20 spring when buds swell. It is critical that the two pieces are = nearly the=20 same size and that sap has begun to flow. The day before actually=20 grafting, remove scions from the refrigerator and snip off the = bottom=20 ends. Place the clipped scions in a pail of water = overnight.

It is critical that the cambium layer = on the=20 scion precisely matches that of the understock.

For precise directions on joining scion = to=20 understock, see Fact Sheet 760, Reference Prop.4. Grafts can be = placed on=20 a root or stem and be joined by any of several methods. The union = is held=20 firmly in place using wax, tape, plastic wrap, rubber bands or = plastic=20 tubing.

The grafted area must be protected from = anything=20 that will move the scion out of alignment. Bracing some grafts is = advised.=20 Side sprouts should be removed the first summer. Sucker shoots = that sprout=20 from below the graft also should be removed. If growth of new = graft is=20 satisfactory, do not fertilize the plant during the first year. = There is=20 danger that top growth will be very brittle and it could fail to = harden=20 off before the first frost.

BUDDING OR BUD=20 GRAFTING

Bud grafting is faster, easier and less = messy=20 than other forms of grafting. Cambium layers do not need to be = aligned.=20 Bud grafting is done from early July through early August. This = method=20 uses a newly developed LATENT BUD, taken from under a live=20 leaf.

Budwood is collected from healthy = branches that=20 grew since spring. Young trees offer good budwood because they = produce a=20 large amounts of new growth. Use buds from the middle section of = the=20 branch.

Remove leaves, but keep 1/4 inch of the = leaf's=20 petiole for grasping. The bud is cut from the branch and inserted = into a=20 T-shaped slice made in the bark of the understock. Budding should = only be=20 done when the bark slips easily away from the tree. The bud is = held in=20 place with special tape or wrap.

MICROPROPAGATION OR=20 TISSUE CULTURE

Each plant cell has the potential to = grow into a=20 new plant exactly like the parent. This fact coupled with = technical=20 advances, specialized equipment and sterile laboratory conditions = has=20 produced modern tissue culture.

In tissue culture, individual or small = groups of=20 plant cells are manipulated so they each produce a new plant. A = tiny piece=20 of bud, leaf or stem can produce incredible numbers of new plants = in a=20 small space in a short time.

The advantages of tissue culture, in = addition to=20 speed and efficiency of propagation, include production of = disease-free=20 plants. New plants can be made available to the public more = quickly=20 because of tissue culture.

However, there are some problems with = spontaneous=20 mutations which naturally occur. In tissue culture, the incidence = of these=20 mutations is greatly increased.

Conditions for tissue culture are very = exacting.=20 Absolutely sterile conditions must be maintained. Temperature, = light,=20 humidity and atmosphere are strictly controlled with electronic = sensors=20 and computerized controls. Such costly equipment rules this out = for most=20 home gardeners.

PLANT PATENTS

Many hybridizers now patent their = selections.=20 When a plant patent is filed, it is illegal for anyone to = propagate the=20 plant for 17 years without written permission from the patent=20 holder.

=20
Introduction | Botany=20 | Soils = and=20 Fertilizers | Entomology and Pest=20 Management | Plant = Pathology | Plant = Propagation | Houseplants | Lawns=20 | Herbaceous=20 Ornamentals | Woody = Ornamentals | Vegetables=20 | Herbs | Fruit=20 | Glossary

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