From: Subject: Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the Home Gardener Date: Mon, 21 May 2007 10:24:37 +1000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C79B92.3BDBF5B0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C79B92.3BDBF5B0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-8701.html Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions for the = Home Gardener
Plant Propagation by Layering: Instructions = for the=20 Home Gardener=20

1/99 HIL-8701

Erv Evans, Extension Associate
Frank A. = Blazich,=20 Professor
Department of Horticultural = Science
 

Stems that are still attached to their parent plant may form roots = where they=20 come in contact with a rooting medium. This method of vegetative = propagation is=20 generally successful, because water stress is minimized and carbohydrate = and=20 mineral nutrient levels are high. The development of roots on a stem = while the=20 stem is still attached to the parent plant is called layering. A = layer is=20 the rooted stem following detachment (removal) from the parent = plant.

Some plants propagate naturally by layering, but sometimes plant = propagators=20 assist the process. Layering is enhanced by wounding the stem where the = roots=20 are to form. The rooting medium should always provide aeration and a = constant=20 supply of moisture.

Types of Layering

Simple layering can be accomplished by bending a low growing, = flexible=20 stem to the ground. Cover part of it with soil, leaving the remaining 6 = to 12=20 inches above the soil. Bend the tip into a vertical position and stake = in place=20 (Figure 1). The sharp bend will often induce rooting, but wounding the = lower=20 side of the bent branch may help also. Simple layering can be done on = most=20 plants with low-growing branches. Examples of plants propagated by = simple=20 layering include climbing roses, forsythia, rhododendron, honeysuckle, = boxwood,=20 azalea, and wax myrtle.

=20

Figure 1.

Simple layering can be done in early spring using a dormant branch, = or in=20 late summer using a mature branch. Periodically check for adequate = moisture and=20 for the formation of roots. It may take one or more seasons before the = layer is=20 ready to be removed for transplanting.

Tip layering is quite similar to simple layering. Dig a hole 3 = to 4=20 inches deep. Insert the tip of a current season=92s shoot and cover it = with soil.=20 The tip grows downward first, then bends sharply and grows upward. Roots = form at=20 the bend. The re-curved tip becomes a new plant (Figure 2). Remove the = tip layer=20 and plant it in late fall or early spring. Examples of plants propagated = by tip=20 layering include purple and black raspberries, and trailing = blackberries.

=20

Figure 2.

Compound (serpentine) layering is similar to simple layering, = but=20 several layers can result from a single stem. Bend the stem to the = rooting=20 medium as for simple layering, but alternately cover and expose sections = of the=20 stem. Each section should have at least one bud exposed and one bud = covered with=20 soil. Wound the lower side of each stem section to be covered (Figure = 3). This=20 method works well for plants producing vine-like growth such as = heart-leaf=20 philodendron, pothos, wisteria, clematis, and grapes.

=20

Figure 3.

Mound (stool) layering is useful with heavy-stemmed, closely = branched=20 shrubs and rootstocks of tree fruits. Cut the plant back to 1 inch above = the=20 soil surface in the dormant season. Dormant buds will produce new shoots = in the=20 spring. Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow (Figure 4). Roots = will=20 develop at the bases of the young shoots. Remove the layers in the = dormant=20 season. Mound layering works well on apple rootstocks, spirea, quince, = daphne,=20 magnolia, and cotoneaster.

=20

Figure 4.

Air layering can be used to propagate large, overgrown house = plants=20 such as rubber plant, croton, or dieffenbachia that have lost most of = their=20 lower leaves. Woody ornamentals such as azalea, camellia, magnolia, = oleander,=20 and holly can also be propagated by air layering. For optimum rooting, = make air=20 layers in the spring on shoots produced during the previous season or in = mid to=20 late summer on shoots from the current season=92s growth. For woody = plants, stems=20 of pencil size diameter or larger are best. Choose an area just below a = node and=20 remove leaves and twigs on the stem 3 to 4 inches above and below this = point.=20 This is normally done on a stem about 1 foot from the tip.

Air layering differs, depending on whether the plant is a monocot or = a dicot.=20 For monocots, make an upward 1- to 1 1/2-inch cut about one-third = through the=20 stem. The cut is held open with a toothpick or wooden match stick. = Surround the=20 wound with moist, unmilled sphagnum moss (about a handful) that has been = soaked=20 in water and squeezed to remove excess moisture. Wrap the moss with = plastic and=20 hold in place with twist ties or electrician=92s tape. No moss should = extend=20 beyond the ends of the plastic. Fasten each end of the plastic securely, = to=20 retain moisture and to prevent water from entering. If exposed to the = sun, the=20 plastic should be covered. Aluminum foil can also be used, as it does = not=20 require twist ties or tape to hold it in place.

The process for dicots is similar, except a 1-inch ring of bark is = removed=20 from the stem. With a sharp knife, make two parallel cuts about an inch = apart=20 around the stem and through the bark and cambium layer (Figure 5). = Connect the=20 two parallel cuts with one long cut. Remove the ring of bark, leaving = the inner=20 woody tissue exposed. Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the cambial = tissue=20 to prevent a bridge of callus tissue from forming. Application of a=20 root-promoting substance to the exposed wound is sometimes beneficial. = Wrap and=20 cover using the same procedure as that described for monocots.

=20

Figure 5.

After the rooting medium is filled with roots, sever the stem below = the=20 medium and pot the layer. The new plant will usually require some = pampering=20 until the root system becomes more developed. Provide shade and adequate = moisture until the plant is well established.

Natural Forms of Layering

Sometimes layering occurs naturally, without the assistance of a = propagator.=20 Runners and offsets are specialized plant structures that facilitate = propagation=20 by layering.

A runner produces new shoots where it touches the growing medium = (Figure 6).=20 Plants that produce stolons or runners are propagated by severing the = new plants=20 from their parent stems. Plantlets at the tips of runners may be rooted = while=20 still attached to the parent or detached and placed in a rooting medium. = Examples include strawberry and spider plant.

=20

Figure 6.

Plants with rosetted stems often reproduce by forming new shoots, = called=20 offshoots, at their base or in the leaf axles. Sever the new shoots from = the=20 parent plant after they have developed their own root systems. Unrooted = offsets=20 of some species may be removed and placed in a rooting medium. Some of = these=20 must be cut off, whereas others may simply be lifted from the parent = stem.=20 Examples include date palm, bromeliads, and many cacti.

For Further Reading

  • Bryant, G. 1995. Propagation Handbook. Stackpole Books:=20 Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.=20
  • Dirr, M. A. and C. W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. The Reference Manual of = Woody=20 Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture. Varsity Press: = Athens,=20 Georgia.=20
  • Hartmann, H. T., D. E. Kester, F. T. Davies and R. L. Geneve. = 1996.=20 Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices. 6th ed. Prentice = Hall:=20 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.=20
  • McMillan Browse, P. D. A. 1978. Plant Propagation. Simon = and=20 Schuster: New York.=20
  • Toogood, A. 1993. Plant Propagation Made Easy. Timber = Press:=20 Portland, Oregon.
Published by
North Carolina Cooperative Extension = Service

Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and = June 30,=20 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people = regardless=20 of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina = State=20 University at Raleigh, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. = Department=20 of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.

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